Atoms that occur in nature interact with the electromagnetic field at a single point, allowing scientists to make certain assumptions about energy levels with point-like references. However, ...

Atom optics is the study of the wave-like properties of beams of atoms. Wave–particle duality — a central principle of quantum mechanics — implies that effects traditionally associated with waves, ...

The electronic structure of atoms and molecules is the series of energy levels that it are possible for a bound electron to occupy. This electronic structure determines many of the defining ...